~ CHROM~ prefix from gr CHROMA = COLOR
~ CHROMA~ prefix or CHROMO~ same as CHROM
~ CHROMAFFIN id+ | AFFINITY FOR COLOR or STAINING |
~ CHROMAT~ prefix same as CHROM~
~ CHROMATIC id+ | PERTAINING TO COLOR |
id+ | also COLORFUL MUSICAL SCALES | as in
art> MUSICAL SCALES WITH PROGRESSIONS BY HALF TONES
biol> READILY STAINED
~ CHROMATID biol> SINGLE CHROMOSOME STRANDS FOUND
IN UNDIVIDING CELLS
CHROMATIDS ARE DUPLICATED AS PART OF
CELL DIVISION AND BECOME VISIBLE AND
RECOGNIZABLE AS CHROMOSOMES
WITH TWO CHROMATIDS HELD AT THE CENTROMERE
WHICH SEPARATES or SPLITS AFTER ALIGNMENT AT
THE EQUATOR OF A DIVIDING CELL FOLLOWING WHICH
THE CHROMATIDS ARE PULLED INTO OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS TO BECOME INCORPORATED INTO EACH
OF TWO DAUGHTER CELLS BY AN ORDERLY PROCESS
OF CELL DIVISION IS CALLED
sug> MITOSIS in SOMATIC CELLS and
sug> MEIOSIS in GONADAL CELLS for more
see> CHROMOSOME below
~ CHROMATIN COLOR plus
prefix ~ TIN for STRETCHED thus THIN
biol> READILY STAINING COMPONENTS OF
THE CELL NUCLEUS CONSISTING OF A
SINGLE DNA STRAND IN A COMPLEX SCAFFOLD OF
HISTONES AND PROTEINS
note BARR BODY or SEX CHROMATIN or
evidence of A CONDENSED X CHROMOSOME
note EUCHROMATIN for OPTIMAL or
READY for STAINING
HETEROCHROMATIN for
STAINING DIFFERENTLY
~ CHROMATOPSIA med> ALTERED COLOR VISION
~ CHROME or see> CHROMIUM
~ CHROME~ prefix or suffix to denote PIGMENT
~ ~CHROME gr suffix for COLOR as in
see> CHROMOSOME sug> CYTOCHROME
~ CHROMIUM id+ | RESILIENT |
from Mythology see> CHROMIUS
sc> ELEMENT METAL
symbol CR
ATOMIC WEIGHT 59.9
hx> USED FOR PLATING OTHER METALS TO CONFER
RESISTANCE TO RUST
~ CHROMIUS or CHROMIOS KROMIOS
myth> CHROMIUS AND ALCENOR WERE
THE SOLE SURVIVORS AFTER
THE BATTLE OF THE 300 ARGIVES AGAINST SPARTA
~ CHROMOSOME id+ | COLORED BODY | from
CHROMO for COLOR and
SOMA for BODY
note BEFORE SOMATIC or BODY CELL DIVISION
SINGLE STRAND CHROMATIDS ARE QUITE THIN AND
HARDLY VISIBLE
PRECEDING CELL DIVISION
THE CHROMATIDS DUPLICATE AND CONDENSE AND
ARE HELD AT A POINT CALLED CENTROMERE
GIVING RISE TO X or Y or V LIKE DISTINCTIVE STRUCTURES
CALLED CHROMOSOMES
THE CHARACTERISTIC SHAPE AND
STRAINING PROPERTIES OF CHROMOSOMES
UNDERSCORE THE COMPLEX AND HIGHLY ORGANIZED
ORGAN or ORGANELLE PERMITTING AN ANALYSIS OF THE
CHROMOSOMAL COMPOSITION OF CELL NUCLEI as per
see> KARYOTYPE
biol> med> ANIMALS HAVE A SPECIES SPECIFIC
NUMBER OF CHROMOSOME PAIRS
THE GENE LOCATION MAP or GENE LOCI SEQUENCE
ALONG EACH CHROMOSOMAL DNA STRAND
IS SPECIES SPECIFIC
THE 23 HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL PAIRS or
46 CHROMOSOMES INCLUDE ONE SPECIAL PAIR or
SEX CHROMOSOME PAIR DISTINCT FOR FEMALES
WHO HARBOR AN XX PAIR AND MALES WHO HAVE
AN X LIKE AND Y LIKE SEX CHROMOSOME DENOTED AS
46,XX and 46,XY
DURING CELL DIVISION
CENTROMERES HOLDING CHROMATIDS SPLIT
INDUCING CHROMATIDS TO MOVE
IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
TO FORM or CONSTITUTE
THE NUCLEI OF DAUGHTER CELL
MITOSIS IS AN ORDERLY PROCESS OF BODY or
SOMATIC CELL DIVISION THAT INSURES THAT
VIRTUALLY ALL SOMATIC CELLS
PERPETUATE THE TRANSMISSION OF A
COMPLETE SINGLE DNA STRAND ACROSS CELL GENERATIONS
THUS PRESERVING THE STABILITY or
GENETIC HOMEOSTASIS OF THE BODY
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REPRESENTS
THE FUSION OF TO HAPLOID GAMETES or an
EGG WITH 23 and A SPERM
EACH WITH 23 SINGLE CHROMOSOMES or
HAPLOIDY WHICH WHEN FUSED
RECONSTITUTE 23 CHROMOSOMAL PAIRS
FORMING A 46,XX or 46,XY DIPLOID CONCEPTUS
MEIOSIS or REDUCTION DIVISION TRANSFORMS
DIPLOID CELLS WITH 23 CHROMOSOMAL PAIRS or
46 CHROMOSOMES into
HAPLOID HAPLO = HALF or
GAMETES
A HAPLOID FEMALE GAMETE or OOCYTE or EGG
HAS 22 SINGLE SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES and
ONE OF THE TWO MATERNAL X SEX CHROMOSOMES
A HAPLOID MALE GAMETE or SPERM or SPERMATOZOID
ALSO HAS 22 SINGLE SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES and
ONE SEX CHROMOSOME EITHER THE X or the Y
SEX PATERNAL CHROMOSOME
FERTILIZATION IS THE FUSION OF A
"MALE" AND "FEMALE" HAPLOID GAMETES
WHICH RECONSTITUTES DIPLOIDY thus
EACH MATERNAL SOMATIC CHROMOSOME IS
PAIRED WITH ITS PATERNAL HOMOLOGUE
AND THE SINGLE MATERNAL X CHROMOSOME
IS PAIRED WITH A Y or X PATERNAL SEX CHROMOSOME
GIVING RISE TO FERTILIZED EGGS or ZYGOTES
WITH 44 + XX or 44 + XY CONSTITUTIONS
PRODUCING A NEARLY EQUAL NUMBER OF
FEMALES AND MALE CONCEPTION
med> MONO SOMY or
MONOSOMY implies ONE CHROMOSOME
PATIENTS WITH TURNER SYNDROME
OFTEN HAVE A SOLE X CHROMOSOME or MONOSOMY X
DISOMY implies TWO CHROMOSOMES OF A KIND
TRISOMY denotes THREE CHROMOSOME OF A KIND
PATIENTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME HAVE THREE or
ARE TRISOMIC FOR CHROMOSOME 21 or +21
MOSAIC means CONFINED ANOMALIES
AS TRISOMY ONLY FOUND IN SOME TISSUES or
CELL LINES
MODAL NUMBER denotes
PREVALENT CHROMOSOMAL NUMBER
DIPLOIDY implies TWO CHROMOSOMES OF EACH SORT
The human DIPLOID NUMBER is 23x2=46
TRIPLOIDY implies THREE CHROMOSOMES OF EACH SORT or
23x3=69
TETRAPLOID denotes 23X4=92 or 4 CHROMOSOMES OF EACH SORT
POLIPLOIDY implies INCONSISTENT EXCESS OF SOME
SORTS OF CHROMOSOMES often a sign of a
MALIGNANT or NEOPLASTIC or CANCEROUS PROCESS
see> CANCER
note CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES MOSTLY
TRISOMIES and TRIPLOIDY
ARE FOUND IN NEARLY 50% OF SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS
see> ABORT |
